German, M., Moss, L.G. and Rutter, W.J. Regulation of insulin gene expression by glucose and calcium in primary islet cultures. J. Biol. Chem. 265:22063-22066 (1990).

German, M., Blanar, M., Nelson, C., Moss, L.G., and Rutter, W. Two related helix-loop-helix proteins participate in separate cell-specific complexes that bind the insulin enhancer. Molecular Endocrinology 5:292-299 (1991).

German, M., Moss, L.G., Wang, J., Rutter, W.J. The insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide genes contain similar cell-specific promoter elements that bind identical b-cell nuclear complexes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:1777-1788 (1992).

German, M., Wang, J., Chadwick, R., Rutter, W. J. Synergistic activation of the insulin gene by a LIM-homeodomain protein and a basic helix-loop-helix protein: building a functional insulin minienhancer complex. Genes & Dev. 6:2165-2176 (1992).

German, M. Glucose sensing in pancreatic islet b-cells: the key role of glucokinase and the glycolytic intermediates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1781-1785 (1993).

German, M. and Wang, J. The insulin gene contains multiple transcriptional elements that respond to glucose. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4067-4075 (1994).

Rudnick, A., Ling, T., Odagiri, H., Rutter, W., German, M. Pancreatic islet beta-cells express a diverse set of homeobox genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 12203-12207 (1994).

German, M., Wang, J., Fernald, A., Espinosa, R., Le Beau, M., Bell, G. Localization of the genes encoding two transcription factors, lmx-1 and cdx-3, regulating insulin gene expression to human chromosomes 1 and 13. Genomics 24: 403-404 (1994).

Kennedy, G., German, M., Rutter, W. The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM2 regulates insulin transcription. Nature Genetics 9: 293-298 (1995).

Tsaur, M.-L., Menzel, S., Lai, F.-P., Espinosa, R., Concannon, P., Spielman, R., Hanis, C., Cox, N., LeBeau, M., German, M., Jan, L., Bell, G., Stoffel, M. Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a KATP-channel-like protein expressed in insulin secreting cells, localization of the human gene to chromosome band 21q22.1, and linkage studies with NIDDM. Diabetes 44:592-596 (1995).

Stoffel, M., Tokuyama, Y., Trabb, J., German, M., Tsaur, M.-L., Jan, L., Polonsky, K., and Bell, G. Characterization of a rat ATP-regulated potassium channel-like protein, KATP2: sequence, tissue distribution, and decreased expression in pancreatic islets of diabetic animals. Biophys. Biochem. Res. Com. 212:894-899 (1995).

Odagiri, H., Wang, J., German, M. Function of the human insulin promoter in primary islet cultures. J. Biol Chem. 271:1909-1915 (1996)

Collins, A., German, M., Jan, N., Jan, L., Zhao, B. A strongly inwardly rectifying K+ channel that is sensitive to ATP inhibition. J. Neurosci. 16:1-9 (1996).

Inoue, H., German, M., Veile, R., Rudnick, A., Helms, C., Donis-Keller, H., Permutt, M. A. Isolation, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of the human Nkx6.1 gene, a new pancreatic islet homeobox gene. Genomics 40:367-370 (1997).

Wang, J., Shen, L., Najafi, H., Kolberg, J., Matschinsky, F., Urdea, M., German, M. Regulation of insulin preRNA splicing by glucose. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4360-4365 (1997).

Iannotti, C., Inoue, H., Bernal, E., Aoki, M., Yukio, T., Liu, L., Donis-Keller, H., German, M., Permutt, M. A. Identification of a human LMX1 (LMX1.1)-related gene, LMX1.2: tissue-specific expression and linkage mapping on chromosome 9. Genomics 46:520-524 (1997).

Johnson, J., Zhang, W., Rutter, W.J., German, M. Transcriptional synergy between LIM-homeodomain proteins and basic helix-loop-helix proteins: the LIM2 domain determines specificity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:3488-3496 (1997).

Sander, M., Neubuser, A., Kalamaras, J., Ee, H. C., Martin, G. R., German, M. Genetic analysis reveals that PAX6 is required for normal transcription of pancreatic hormone genes and islet development. Genes & Development 11:1662-1673 (1997).      

Goldfine, I. D., German, M., Tseng, H., Bolaffi, J., Chen, J.-W., Olson, D., Rothman, S. The endocrine secretion of human growth hormone and insulin by exocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature Biotech. 15:1378-1386 (1997).

Sussel, L., Kalamaras, J., Hartigan-OÕConnor, D. J., Meneses, J., Pedersen, R., Rubenstein, J., German, M. Mice lacking Nkx2.2 have diabetes due to an arrest in pancreatic beta-cell differentiation. Development 125: 2213-2221(1998).  

Furuta, H., Hirokawa, Y., Iwasaki, N., Hara, M., Le Beau, M., Davis, E., Ogata, M., Iwamoto, Y., German, M., Bell, M. Beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes mellitus: mutations in the coding region of the BETA2/NeuroD (NEUROD1) and Nkx2.2 (NKX2B) genes are not associated with MODY in Japanese. Diabetes 47: 1356-1358 (1998).  

Sander, M., Griffen, S., Wang, J., German, M. A novel glucose responsive element in the human insulin gene promoter functions uniquely in primary cultured islets. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 11572-11577 (1998)

Cabrera-Valladares, G., German, M., Matschinsky, F., Wang, J., Fernandez-Mejia, C. Effect of retinoic acid on glucokinase activity and gene expression in primary cultures of pancreatic islets. Endocrinology 140:3091-3096

Smith, S., Ee, H., Conners, C., German, M. Paired-homeodomain transcription factor PAX4 acts as a transcriptional repressor in early pancreatic development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:8272-8280 (1999).

Romero-Navarro, G., Cabrera-Valladares, G., German, M., Matschinsky, F, Velazquez, A., Wang, J., Fernandez-Mejia, C. Biotin regulation of pancreatic glucokinase and insulin in primary cultured rat islets and in biotin deficient rats. Endocrinology 140:4595-600 (1999).

Ohneda, K., Mirmira, R., Wang, J., Johnson, J., German, M. The homeodomain of PDX-1 mediates multiple protein-protein interactions in the formation of a transcriptional activation complex on the insulin gene promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:900-911 (2000).

Dreyer, S., Morello, R., German, M., Zabel, B., Winterpacht, A., Lundstrom, G., Horton, W., Oberg, K., Lee, B. LMX1B transactivation and expression in nail patella syndrome. Human Mol. Gen. 2000: 1067-1074 (2000).

Mirmira, R., Watada, H., German, M. Beta-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1 contains distinct DNA-binding interference and transcriptional repression domains. J. Biol. Chem. 275:14743-14751 (2000).

Schwitzgebel, V., Scheel, D., Conners, J., Kalamaras, J., Lee, J., Anderson, D., Johnson, J., German, M. Expression of Neurogenin3 reveals an islet cell precursor population in the pancreas. Development 127:3533-3542 (2000).

Watada, H., Mirmira, R., Kalamaras, J., German, M. Intramolecular control of transcriptional activity by the NK2 specific domain in NK-2 homeodomain proteins. PNAS USA 97:9443-9448 (2000).

Sander, M., Paydar1, S., Ericson, J., Briscoe, J., Berber, E., German, M., Jessell, T., Rubenstein, J. Ventral neural patterning by Nkx homeobox genes: Nkx6.1 controls somatic motor neuron and ventral interneuron fates. Genes & Development, 14:2134î2139 (2000).

Watada, H. , Mirmira, R., Leung, J., German, M. Transcriptional and translational regulation of b-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 34224-34230 (2000).

Horikawa, Y., Horikawa, Y., Cox, N., Iwasaki, N., Ogata, M., Iwamoto, Y., Schwitzgebel, V., German, M., Bell, G. Beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes: no evidence for diabetes-associated mutations in the coding region of the basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor neurogenic differentiation 4 (NEUROD4) in Japanese patients with MODY. Diabetes 49:1955-1958 (2000).

Smith, S., Watada, H., Scheel, D., Mrejen, C., German, M. Autoregulation and MODY transcription factors control the human PAX4 promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 36910-36919 (2000).

Sander, M., Sussel, L., Conners, J., Scheel, D., Kalamaras, J., Dela Cruz, F., Schwitzgebel, V., Hayes-Jordan, A., German, M. Homeobox gene Nkx6.1 lies downstream of Nkx2.2 in the major pathway of beta-cell formation in the pancreas. Development 127: 5533-5540 (2000). 

Griffen, S., Wang, J., German, M. A genetic defect in beta-cell gene transcription segregates independently from the Fa locus in the ZDF rat. Diabetes 50:63-68 (2001).

del Bosque-Plata, L., Lin, J., Horikawa, Y., Schwarz, P., Cox, N., Iwasaki, N., Ogata, M., Iwamoto, Y., German, M., Bell, G. Beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes: no evidence for diabetes-associated mutations in the coding region of the proendocrine neurogenin 3 gene (NEUROG3) in Japanese patients with MODY. Diabetes 50:694-696 (2001).

Fernandez-Mejia,, C., Vega,, J., Rojas-Ochoa, A., Rodriguez-Dorantes, M., Romero-Navarro, G., Matschinsky, F., Wang, J., German, M. Cyclic AMP increases pancreatic glucokinase activity and gene expression. Endocrinology 142:1448-52 (2001).

Lee, J., Smith, S., Watada, H., Lin, J., Scheel, D., Luukela, V., Wang, J., Mirmira, R., German, M. Regulation of the pancreatic pro-endocrine gene neurogenin3. Diabetes 50:928-36 (2001).