Pause

Michael German, MD

What I Do

Professor
Clinical Director of the UCSF Diabetes Center
Director of the UCSF NIH Diabetes Research Center (DRC) and the UCSF Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Fellowship Training Program
Principle Investigator in the Hormone Research Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCSF

Biography

Dr. German is a Professor in the Department of Medicine, Clinical Director of the UCSF Diabetes Center, Director of the UCSF NIH Diabetes Research Center (DRC) and Hillblom Islet Genesis Network, and Principle Investigator in the Hormone Research Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research. He cares for patients in the Diabetes Clinic and hospital wards, teaches medical students, graduate students and housestaff, and lectures at the Diabetes Center’s patient self-management courses. His group studies the formation and function of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas, how these processes break down in diabetes, hypoglycemia and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and the translation of this knowledge into novel therapeutic strategies for these disorders.

Publications

  1. Vazquez SE, Ferré EM, Scheel DW, Sunshine S, Miao B, Mandel-Brehm C, Quandt Z, Chan AY, Cheng M, German M, Lionakis M, DeRisi JL, Anderson MS. Identification of novel, clinically correlated autoantigens in the monogenic autoimmune syndrome APS1 by proteome-wide PhIP-Seq. Elife. 2020 05 15; 9.
  2. Moon JH, Kim H, Kim H, Park J, Choi W, Choi W, Hong HJ, Ro HJ, Jun S, Choi SH, Banerjee RR, Shong M, Cho NH, Kim SK, German MS, Jang HC, Kim H. Lactation improves pancreatic ß cell mass and function through serotonin production. Sci Transl Med. 2020 Apr 29; 12(541).
  3. Solorzano-Vargas RS, Bjerknes M, Wang J, Wu SV, Garcia-Careaga MG, Pitukcheewanont P, Cheng H, German MS, Georgia S, Martín MG. Null mutations of NEUROG3 are associated with delayed-onset diabetes mellitus. JCI Insight. 2020 01 16; 5(1).
  4. Klonoff DC, Florez JC, German M, Fleming A. The Need for Precision Medicine to be Applied to Diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 11; 14(6):1122-1128.
  5. Moon JH, Kim YG, Kim K, Osonoi S, Wang S, Saunders DC, Wang J, Yang K, Kim H, Lee J, Jeong JS, Banerjee RR, Kim SK, Wu Y, Mizukami H, Powers AC, German MS, Kim H. Serotonin Regulates Adult ß-Cell Mass by Stimulating Perinatal ß-Cell Proliferation. Diabetes. 2020 02; 69(2):205-214.
  6. Moore PC, Cortez JT, Chamberlain CE, Alba D, Berger AC, Quandt Z, Chan A, Cheng MH, Bautista JL, Peng J, German MS, Anderson MS, Oakes SA. Elastase 3B mutation links to familial pancreatitis with diabetes and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Invest. 2019 08 01; 129(11):4676-4681.
  7. Chamberlain CE, German MS, Yang K, Wang J, VanBrocklin H, Regan M, Shokat KM, Ducker GS, Kim GE, Hann B, Donner DB, Warren RS, Venook AP, Bergsland EK, Lee D, Wang Y, Nakakura EK. A Patient-derived Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Identifies Sapanisertib as a Possible New Treatment for Everolimus-resistant Tumors. . 2018 12; 17(12):2702-2709.
  8. Lee J, Pappalardo Z, Chopra DG, Hennings TG, Vaughn I, Lan C, Choe JJ, Ang K, Chen S, Arkin M, McManus MT, German MS, Ku GM. A Genetic Interaction Map of Insulin Production Identifies Mfi as an Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Fission. Endocrinology. 2018 09 01; 159(9):3321-3330.
  9. Baeyens L, Lemper M, Staels W, De Groef S, De Leu N, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H. (Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives. Physiol Rev. 2018 07 01; 98(3):1143-1167.
  10. Kim H, Kim H, Kim K, German MS, Kim H. Ectopic serotonin production in ß-cell specific transgenic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 01 08; 495(2):1986-1991.
  11. Yang YY, Long RK, Ferrara CT, Gitelman SE, German MS, Yang SB. A new familial form of a late-onset, persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy caused by a novel mutation in KCNJ11. Channels (Austin). 2017 Nov 02; 11(6):636-647.
  12. Tixi-Verdugo W, Contreras-Ramos J, Sicilia-Argumedo G, German MS, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effects of Biotin Supplementation During the First Week Postweaning Increases Pancreatic Islet Area, Beta-Cell Proportion, Islets Number, and Beta-Cell Proliferation. J Med Food. 2018 Mar; 21(3):274-281.
  13. Tang SC, Baeyens L, Shen CN, Peng SJ, Chien HJ, Scheel DW, Chamberlain CE, German MS. Human pancreatic neuro-insular network in health and fatty infiltration. Diabetologia. 2018 01; 61(1):168-181.
  14. Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML, Larrieta E, Tixi-Verdugo W, Ramírez-Mondragón R, Hernández-Araiza I, German MS, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effects of dietary biotin supplementation on glucagon production, secretion, and action. Nutrition. 2017 Nov - Dec; 43-44:47-53.
  15. Krentz NAJ, van Hoof D, Li Z, Watanabe A, Tang M, Nian C, German MS, Lynn FC. Phosphorylation of NEUROG3 Links Endocrine Differentiation to the Cell Cycle in Pancreatic Progenitors. Dev Cell. 2017 04 24; 41(2):129-142.e6.
  16. Pappalardo Z, Gambhir Chopra D, Hennings TG, Richards H, Choe J, Yang K, Baeyens L, Ang K, Chen S, Arkin M, German MS, McManus MT, Ku GM. A Whole-Genome RNA Interference Screen Reveals a Role for Spry2 in Insulin Transcription and the Unfolded Protein Response. Diabetes. 2017 06; 66(6):1703-1712.
  17. Baeyens L, Hindi S, Sorenson RL, German MS. ß-Cell adaptation in pregnancy. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016 09; 18 Suppl 1:63-70.
  18. Stock PG, German MS. A Path to Insulin Independence: "The End of the Beginning". Cell Stem Cell. 2016 Apr 07; 18(4):431-3.
  19. Ejarque M, Mir-Coll J, Gomis R, German MS, Lynn FC, Gasa R. Generation of a Conditional Allele of the Transcription Factor Atonal Homolog 8 (Atoh8). PLoS One. 2016; 11(1):e0146273.
  20. Sasaki S, Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Takahara M, Yamamoto Y, Yasuda T, Kaneto H, Fujitani Y, German MS, Akiyama H, Watada H, Shimomura I. Activation of GLP-1 and gastrin signalling induces in vivo reprogramming of pancreatic exocrine cells into beta cells in mice. Diabetologia. 2015 Nov; 58(11):2582-91.
  21. Faire M, Skillern A, Arora R, Nguyen DH, Wang J, Chamberlain C, German MS, Fung JC, Laird DJ. Follicle dynamics and global organization in the intact mouse ovary. Dev Biol. 2015 Jul 01; 403(1):69-79.
  22. Berger M, Scheel DW, Macias H, Miyatsuka T, Kim H, Hoang P, Ku GM, Honig G, Liou A, Tang Y, Regard JB, Sharifnia P, Yu L, Wang J, Coughlin SR, Conklin BR, Deneris ES, Tecott LH, German MS. Gai/o-coupled receptor signaling restricts pancreatic ß-cell expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Mar 03; 112(9):2888-93.
  23. Lemper M, Leuckx G, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H, Bouwens L, Baeyens L. Reprogramming of human pancreatic exocrine cells to ß-like cells. Cell Death Differ. 2015 Jul; 22(7):1117-30.
  24. Kim K, Oh CM, Ohara-Imaizumi M, Park S, Namkung J, Yadav VK, Tamarina NA, Roe MW, Philipson LH, Karsenty G, Nagamatsu S, German MS, Kim H. Functional role of serotonin in insulin secretion in a diet-induced insulin-resistant state. Endocrinology. 2015 Feb; 156(2):444-52.
  25. Lin J, German M, Wong B. Use of copolymer polylactic and polyglycolic acid resorbable plates in repair of orbital floor fractures. Facial Plast Surg. 2014 Oct; 30(5):581-6.
  26. Chamberlain CE, Scheel DW, McGlynn K, Kim H, Miyatsuka T, Wang J, Nguyen V, Zhao S, Mavropoulos A, Abraham AG, O'Neill E, Ku GM, Cobb MH, Martin GR, German MS. Menin determines K-RAS proliferative outputs in endocrine cells. J Clin Invest. 2014 Sep; 124(9):4093-101.
  27. Ghosh R, Wang L, Wang ES, Perera BG, Igbaria A, Morita S, Prado K, Thamsen M, Caswell D, Macias H, Weiberth KF, Gliedt MJ, Alavi MV, Hari SB, Mitra AK, Bhhatarai B, Schürer SC, Snapp EL, Gould DB, German MS, Backes BJ, Maly DJ, Oakes SA, Papa FR. Allosteric inhibition of the IRE1a RNase preserves cell viability and function during endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell. 2014 Jul 31; 158(3):534-48.
  28. Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Sasaki S, Kubo F, Shimomura I, Watada H, German MS, Hara M. Chronological analysis with fluorescent timer reveals unique features of newly generated ß-cells. Diabetes. 2014 Oct; 63(10):3388-93.
  29. Ohara-Imaizumi M, Kim H, Yoshida M, Fujiwara T, Aoyagi K, Toyofuku Y, Nakamichi Y, Nishiwaki C, Okamura T, Uchida T, Fujitani Y, Akagawa K, Kakei M, Watada H, German MS, Nagamatsu S. Serotonin regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic ß cells during pregnancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Nov 26; 110(48):19420-5.
  30. German MS. Anonymous sources: where do adult ß cells come from? J Clin Invest. 2013 May; 123(5):1936-8.
  31. Ku GM, Kim H, Vaughn IW, Hangauer MJ, Myung Oh C, German MS, McManus MT. Research resource: RNA-Seq reveals unique features of the pancreatic ß-cell transcriptome. Mol Endocrinol. 2012 Oct; 26(10):1783-92.
  32. Lazo de la Vega-Monroy ML, Larrieta E, German MS, Baez-Saldana A, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effects of biotin supplementation in the diet on insulin secretion, islet gene expression, glucose homeostasis and beta-cell proportion. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Jan; 24(1):169-77.
  33. Andersson O, Adams BA, Yoo D, Ellis GC, Gut P, Anderson RM, German MS, Stainier DY. Adenosine signaling promotes regeneration of pancreatic ß cells in vivo. Cell Metab. 2012 Jun 06; 15(6):885-94.
  34. Ku GM, Pappalardo Z, Luo CC, German MS, McManus MT. An siRNA screen in pancreatic beta cells reveals a role for Gpr27 in insulin production. PLoS Genet. 2012 Jan; 8(1):e1002449.
  35. Ohta Y, Kosaka Y, Kishimoto N, Wang J, Smith SB, Honig G, Kim H, Gasa RM, Neubauer N, Liou A, Tecott LH, Deneris ES, German MS. Convergence of the insulin and serotonin programs in the pancreatic ß-cell. Diabetes. 2011 Dec; 60(12):3208-16.
  36. Yao LJ, McCormick JA, Wang J, Yang KY, Kidwai A, Colussi GL, Boini KM, Birnbaum MJ, Lang F, German MS, Pearce D. Novel role for SGK3 in glucose homeostasis revealed in SGK3/Akt2 double-null mice. Mol Endocrinol. 2011 Dec; 25(12):2106-18.
  37. Kwak SH, Park BL, Kim H, German MS, Go MJ, Jung HS, Koo BK, Cho YM, Choi SH, Cho YS, Shin HD, Jang HC, Park KS. Association of variations in TPH1 and HTR2B with gestational weight gain and measures of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 Jan; 20(1):233-8.
  38. Macarthur CC, Xue H, Van Hoof D, Lieu PT, Dudas M, Fontes A, Swistowski A, Touboul T, Seerke R, Laurent LC, Loring JF, German MS, Zeng X, Rao MS, Lakshmipathy U, Chesnut JD, Liu Y. Chromatin insulator elements block transgene silencing in engineered human embryonic stem cell lines at a defined chromosome 13 locus. Stem Cells Dev. 2012 Jan 20; 21(2):191-205.
  39. Larrieta E, Vega-Monroy ML, Vital P, Aguilera A, German MS, Hafidi ME, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effects of biotin deficiency on pancreatic islet morphology, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Apr; 23(4):392-9.
  40. Van Hoof D, Mendelsohn AD, Seerke R, Desai TA, German MS. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic endoderm in patterned size-controlled clusters. Stem Cell Res. 2011 May; 6(3):276-85.
  41. Miyatsuka T, Kosaka Y, Kim H, German MS. Neurogenin3 inhibits proliferation in endocrine progenitors by inducing Cdkn1a. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jan 04; 108(1):185-90.
  42. Shimajiri Y, Kosaka Y, Scheel DW, Lynn FC, Kishimoto N, Wang J, Zhao S, German MS. A mouse model for monitoring islet cell genesis and developing therapies for diabetes. Dis Model Mech. 2011 Mar; 4(2):268-76.
  43. Honig G, Liou A, Berger M, German MS, Tecott LH. Precise pattern of recombination in serotonergic and hypothalamic neurons in a Pdx1-cre transgenic mouse line. J Biomed Sci. 2010 Oct 17; 17:82.
  44. Kalousova A, Mavropoulos A, Adams BA, Nekrep N, Li Z, Krauss S, Stainier DY, German MS. Dachshund homologues play a conserved role in islet cell development. Dev Biol. 2010 Dec 15; 348(2):143-52.
  45. Kim H, Toyofuku Y, Lynn FC, Chak E, Uchida T, Mizukami H, Fujitani Y, Kawamori R, Miyatsuka T, Kosaka Y, Yang K, Honig G, van der Hart M, Kishimoto N, Wang J, Yagihashi S, Tecott LH, Watada H, German MS. Serotonin regulates pancreatic beta cell mass during pregnancy. Nat Med. 2010 Jul; 16(7):804-8.
  46. Wang YC, Zuraek MB, Kosaka Y, Ota Y, German MS, Deneris ES, Bergsland EK, Donner DB, Warren RS, Nakakura EK. The ETS oncogene family transcription factor FEV identifies serotonin-producing cells in normal and neoplastic small intestine. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2010 Mar; 17(1):283-91.
  47. Smith SB, Qu HQ, Taleb N, Kishimoto NY, Scheel DW, Lu Y, Patch AM, Grabs R, Wang J, Lynn FC, Miyatsuka T, Mitchell J, Seerke R, Désir J, Vanden Eijnden S, Abramowicz M, Kacet N, Weill J, Renard ME, Gentile M, Hansen I, Dewar K, Hattersley AT, Wang R, Wilson ME, Johnson JD, Polychronakos C, German MS. Rfx6 directs islet formation and insulin production in mice and humans. Nature. 2010 Feb 11; 463(7282):775-80.
  48. Halban PA, German MS, Kahn SE, Weir GC. Current status of islet cell replacement and regeneration therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Mar; 95(3):1034-43.
  49. Van Hoof D, D'Amour KA, German MS. Derivation of insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res. 2009 Sep-Nov; 3(2-3):73-87.
  50. Miyatsuka T, Li Z, German MS. Chronology of islet differentiation revealed by temporal cell labeling. Diabetes. 2009 Aug; 58(8):1863-8.
  51. Baeyens L, Bonné S, Bos T, Rooman I, Peleman C, Lahoutte T, German M, Heimberg H, Bouwens L. Notch signaling as gatekeeper of rat acinar-to-beta-cell conversion in vitro. Gastroenterology. 2009 May; 136(5):1750-60.e13.
  52. Cai J, Donaldson A, Yang M, German MS, Enikolopov G, Iacovitti L. The role of Lmx1a in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into midbrain dopamine neurons in culture and after transplantation into a Parkinson's disease model. Stem Cells. 2009 Jan; 27(1):220-9.
  53. Wang YC, Gallego-Arteche E, Iezza G, Yuan X, Matli MR, Choo SP, Zuraek MB, Gogia R, Lynn FC, German MS, Bergsland EK, Donner DB, Warren RS, Nakakura EK. Homeodomain transcription factor NKX2.2 functions in immature cells to control enteroendocrine differentiation and is expressed in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009 Mar; 16(1):267-79.
  54. German MS. New beta-cells from old acini. Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Oct; 26(10):1092-3.
  55. Reid JG, Nagaraja AK, Lynn FC, Drabek RB, Muzny DM, Shaw CA, Weiss MK, Naghavi AO, Khan M, Zhu H, Tennakoon J, Gunaratne GH, Corry DB, Miller J, McManus MT, German MS, Gibbs RA, Matzuk MM, Gunaratne PH. Mouse let-7 miRNA populations exhibit RNA editing that is constrained in the 5'-seed/ cleavage/anchor regions and stabilize predicted mmu-let-7a:mRNA duplexes. Genome Res. 2008 Oct; 18(10):1571-81.
  56. Lynn FC, Sanchez L, Gomis R, German MS, Gasa R. Identification of the bHLH factor Math6 as a novel component of the embryonic pancreas transcriptional network. PLoS One. 2008 Jun 18; 3(6):e2430.
  57. Nekrep N, Wang J, Miyatsuka T, German MS. Signals from the neural crest regulate beta-cell mass in the pancreas. Development. 2008 Jun; 135(12):2151-60.
  58. Louet JF, Smith SB, Gautier JF, Molokhia M, Virally ML, Kevorkian JP, Guillausseau PJ, Vexiau P, Charpentier G, German MS, Vaisse C, Urbanek M, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Gender and neurogenin3 influence the pathogenesis of ketosis-prone diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008 Sep; 10(10):912-20.
  59. Cano DA, Rulifson IC, Heiser PW, Swigart LB, Pelengaris S, German M, Evan GI, Bluestone JA, Hebrok M. Regulated beta-cell regeneration in the adult mouse pancreas. Diabetes. 2008 Apr; 57(4):958-66.
  60. Gasa R, Mrejen C, Lynn FC, Skewes-Cox P, Sanchez L, Yang KY, Lin CH, Gomis R, German MS. Induction of pancreatic islet cell differentiation by the neurogenin-neuroD cascade. Differentiation. 2008 Apr; 76(4):381-91.
  61. Lynn FC, Skewes-Cox P, Kosaka Y, McManus MT, Harfe BD, German MS. MicroRNA expression is required for pancreatic islet cell genesis in the mouse. Diabetes. 2007 Dec; 56(12):2938-45.
  62. Lynn FC, Smith SB, Wilson ME, Yang KY, Nekrep N, German MS. Sox9 coordinates a transcriptional network in pancreatic progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 19; 104(25):10500-5.
  63. Baeyens L, Bonné S, German MS, Ravassard P, Heimberg H, Bouwens L. Ngn3 expression during postnatal in vitro beta cell neogenesis induced by the JAK/STAT pathway. Cell Death Differ. 2006 Nov; 13(11):1892-9.
  64. Kanno R, Ogihara T, Igarashi Y, Tanaka Y, Smith SB, Kojima I, German MS, Kawamori R, Watada H. Activin A-induced expression of PAX4 in AR42J-B13 cells involves the increase in transactivation of E47/E12. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Jan-Feb; 1759(1-2):44-50.
  65. Wilson ME, Yang KY, Kalousova A, Lau J, Kosaka Y, Lynn FC, Wang J, Mrejen C, Episkopou V, Clevers HC, German MS. The HMG box transcription factor Sox4 contributes to the development of the endocrine pancreas. Diabetes. 2005 Dec; 54(12):3402-9.
  66. Schisler JC, Jensen PB, Taylor DG, Becker TC, Knop FK, Takekawa S, German M, Weir GC, Lu D, Mirmira RG, Newgard CB. The Nkx6.1 homeodomain transcription factor suppresses glucagon expression and regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islet beta cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 17; 102(20):7297-302.
  67. Kawahira H, Scheel DW, Smith SB, German MS, Hebrok M. Hedgehog signaling regulates expansion of pancreatic epithelial cells. Dev Biol. 2005 Apr 01; 280(1):111-21.
  68. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Smith SB, Le May C, Leal SM, Gautier JF, Molokhia M, Riveline JP, Rajan AS, Kevorkian JP, Zhang S, Vexiau P, German MS, Vaisse C. PAX4 gene variations predispose to ketosis-prone diabetes. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Dec 15; 13(24):3151-9.
  69. Gasa R, Mrejen C, Leachman N, Otten M, Barnes M, Wang J, Chakrabarti S, Mirmira R, German M. Proendocrine genes coordinate the pancreatic islet differentiation program in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 07; 101(36):13245-50.
  70. Khoo S, Gibson TB, Arnette D, Lawrence M, January B, McGlynn K, Vanderbilt CA, Griffen SC, German MS, Cobb MH. MAP kinases and their roles in pancreatic beta-cells. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2004; 40(3 Suppl):191-200.
  71. Liu R, Cai J, Hu X, Tan M, Qi Y, German M, Rubenstein J, Sander M, Qiu M. Region-specific and stage-dependent regulation of Olig gene expression and oligodendrogenesis by Nkx6.1 homeodomain transcription factor. Development. 2003 Dec; 130(25):6221-31.
  72. Smith SB, Watada H, German MS. Neurogenin3 activates the islet differentiation program while repressing its own expression. Mol Endocrinol. 2004 Jan; 18(1):142-9.
  73. Maestro MA, Boj SF, Luco RF, Pierreux CE, Cabedo J, Servitja JM, German MS, Rousseau GG, Lemaigre FP, Ferrer J. Hnf6 and Tcf2 (MODY5) are linked in a gene network operating in a precursor cell domain of the embryonic pancreas. Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Dec 15; 12(24):3307-14.
  74. Gratton MO, Torban E, Jasmin SB, Theriault FM, German MS, Stifani S. Hes6 promotes cortical neurogenesis and inhibits Hes1 transcription repression activity by multiple mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Oct; 23(19):6922-35.
  75. Hald J, Hjorth JP, German MS, Madsen OD, Serup P, Jensen J. Activated Notch1 prevents differentiation of pancreatic acinar cells and attenuate endocrine development. Dev Biol. 2003 Aug 15; 260(2):426-37.
  76. Sheu E, Rothman S, German M, Wang X, Finer M, McMahon BM. The Gene Pill and its therapeutic applications. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2003 Aug; 5(4):420-7.
  77. Suzuki R, Tobe K, Terauchi Y, Komeda K, Kubota N, Eto K, Yamauchi T, Azuma K, Kaneto H, Taguchi T, Koga T, German MS, Watada H, Kawamori R, Wright CV, Kajimoto Y, Kimura S, Nagai R, Kadowaki T. Pdx1 expression in Irs2-deficient mouse beta-cells is regulated in a strain-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 31; 278(44):43691-8.
  78. Smith SB, Gasa R, Watada H, Wang J, Griffen SC, German MS. Neurogenin3 and hepatic nuclear factor 1 cooperate in activating pancreatic expression of Pax4. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 03; 278(40):38254-9.
  79. Khoo S, Griffen SC, Xia Y, Baer RJ, German MS, Cobb MH. Regulation of insulin gene transcription by ERK1 and ERK2 in pancreatic beta cells. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 29; 278(35):32969-77.
  80. Ogihara T, Watada H, Kanno R, Ikeda F, Nomiyama T, Tanaka Y, Nakao A, German MS, Kojima I, Kawamori R. p38 MAPK is involved in activin A- and hepatocyte growth factor-mediated expression of pro-endocrine gene neurogenin 3 in AR42J-B13 cells. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 13; 278(24):21693-700.
  81. Watada H, Scheel DW, Leung J, German MS. Distinct gene expression programs function in progenitor and mature islet cells. J Biol Chem. 2003 May 09; 278(19):17130-40.
  82. Wilson ME, Scheel D, German MS. Gene expression cascades in pancreatic development. Mech Dev. 2003 Jan; 120(1):65-80.
  83. Lee J, Wu Y, Qi Y, Xue H, Liu Y, Scheel D, German M, Qiu M, Guillemot F, Rao M, Gradwohl G. Neurogenin3 participates in gliogenesis in the developing vertebrate spinal cord. Dev Biol. 2003 Jan 01; 253(1):84-98.
  84. Wilson ME, Kalamaras JA, German MS. Expression pattern of IAPP and prohormone convertase 1/3 reveals a distinctive set of endocrine cells in the embryonic pancreas. Mech Dev. 2002 Jul; 115(1-2):171-6.
  85. Thameem F, Wolford JK, Wang J, German MS, Bogardus C, Prochazka M. Cloning, expression and genomic structure of human LMX1A, and variant screening in Pima Indians. Gene. 2002 May 15; 290(1-2):217-25.
  86. Lee JC, Smith SB, Watada H, Lin J, Scheel D, Wang J, Mirmira RG, German MS. Regulation of the pancreatic pro-endocrine gene neurogenin3. Diabetes. 2001 May; 50(5):928-36.
  87. Fernandez-Mejia C, Vega-Allende J, Rojas-Ochoa A, Rodriguez-Dorantes M, Romero-Navarro G, Matschinsky FM, Wang J, German MS. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate increases pancreatic glucokinase activity and gene expression. Endocrinology. 2001 Apr; 142(4):1448-52.
  88. del Bosque-Plata L, Lin J, Horikawa Y, Schwarz PE, Cox NJ, Iwasaki N, Ogata M, Iwamoto Y, German MS, Bell GI. Mutations in the coding region of the neurogenin 3 gene (NEUROG3) are not a common cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young in Japanese subjects. Diabetes. 2001 Mar; 50(3):694-6.
  89. Griffen SC, Wang J, German MS. A genetic defect in beta-cell gene expression segregates independently from the fa locus in the ZDF rat. Diabetes. 2001 Jan; 50(1):63-8.
  90. Sander M, Sussel L, Conners J, Scheel D, Kalamaras J, Dela Cruz F, Schwitzgebel V, Hayes-Jordan A, German M. Homeobox gene Nkx6.1 lies downstream of Nkx2.2 in the major pathway of beta-cell formation in the pancreas. Development. 2000 Dec; 127(24):5533-40.
  91. Smith SB, Watada H, Scheel DW, Mrejen C, German MS. Autoregulation and maturity onset diabetes of the young transcription factors control the human PAX4 promoter. J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 24; 275(47):36910-9.
  92. Watada H, Mirmira RG, Leung J, German MS. Transcriptional and translational regulation of beta-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1. J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 03; 275(44):34224-30.
  93. Horikawa Y, Horikawa Y, Cox NJ, Iwasaki N, Ogata M, Iwamoto Y, Schwitzgebel V, German MS, Bell GI. beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes: no evidence for diabetes-associated mutations in the gene encoding the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor neurogenic differentiation 4 (NEUROD4) in Japanese patients with MODY. Diabetes. 2000 Nov; 49(11):1955-7.
  94. Sander M, Paydar S, Ericson J, Briscoe J, Berber E, German M, Jessell TM, Rubenstein JL. Ventral neural patterning by Nkx homeobox genes: Nkx6.1 controls somatic motor neuron and ventral interneuron fates. Genes Dev. 2000 Sep 01; 14(17):2134-9.
  95. Watada H, Mirmira RG, Kalamaras J, German MS. Intramolecular control of transcriptional activity by the NK2-specific domain in NK-2 homeodomain proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Aug 15; 97(17):9443-8.
  96. Schwitzgebel VM, Scheel DW, Conners JR, Kalamaras J, Lee JE, Anderson DJ, Sussel L, Johnson JD, German MS. Expression of neurogenin3 reveals an islet cell precursor population in the pancreas. Development. 2000 Aug; 127(16):3533-42.
  97. Ohneda K, Ee H, German M. Regulation of insulin gene transcription. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2000 Aug; 11(4):227-33.
  98. Mirmira RG, Watada H, German MS. Beta-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1 contains distinct DNA binding interference and transcriptional repression domains. J Biol Chem. 2000 May 12; 275(19):14743-51.
  99. Dreyer SD, Morello R, German MS, Zabel B, Winterpacht A, Lunstrum GP, Horton WA, Oberg KC, Lee B. LMX1B transactivation and expression in nail-patella syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Apr 12; 9(7):1067-74.
  100. Ohneda K, Mirmira RG, Wang J, Johnson JD, German MS. The homeodomain of PDX-1 mediates multiple protein-protein interactions in the formation of a transcriptional activation complex on the insulin promoter. Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Feb; 20(3):900-11.
  101. Smith SB, Ee HC, Conners JR, German MS. Paired-homeodomain transcription factor PAX4 acts as a transcriptional repressor in early pancreatic development. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Dec; 19(12):8272-80.
  102. Romero-Navarro G, Cabrera-Valladares G, German MS, Matschinsky FM, Velazquez A, Wang J, Fernandez-Mejia C. Biotin regulation of pancreatic glucokinase and insulin in primary cultured rat islets and in biotin-deficient rats. Endocrinology. 1999 Oct; 140(10):4595-600.
  103. Cabrera-Valladares G, German MS, Matschinsky FM, Wang J, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effect of retinoic acid on glucokinase activity and gene expression and on insulin secretion in primary cultures of pancreatic islets. Endocrinology. 1999 Jul; 140(7):3091-6.
  104. Sander M, Griffen SC, Huang J, German MS. A novel glucose-responsive element in the human insulin gene functions uniquely in primary cultured islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Sep 29; 95(20):11572-7.
  105. Furuta H, Horikawa Y, Iwasaki N, Hara M, Sussel L, Le Beau MM, Davis EM, Ogata M, Iwamoto Y, German MS, Bell GI. Beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes: mutations in the coding region of the BETA2/NeuroD1 (NEUROD1) and Nkx2.2 (NKX2B) genes are not associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young in Japanese. Diabetes. 1998 Aug; 47(8):1356-8.
  106. Sussel L, Kalamaras J, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Meneses JJ, Pedersen RA, Rubenstein JL, German MS. Mice lacking the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.2 have diabetes due to arrested differentiation of pancreatic beta cells. Development. 1998 Jun; 125(12):2213-21.
  107. Iannotti CA, Inoue H, Bernal E, Aoki M, Liu L, Donis-Keller H, German MS, Permutt MA. Identification of a human LMX1 (LMX1.1)-related gene, LMX1.2: tissue-specific expression and linkage mapping on chromosome 9. Genomics. 1997 Dec 15; 46(3):520-4.
  108. Goldfine ID, German MS, Tseng HC, Wang J, Bolaffi JL, Chen JW, Olson DC, Rothman SS. The endocrine secretion of human insulin and growth hormone by exocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract. Nat Biotechnol. 1997 Dec; 15(13):1378-82.
  109. Sander M, Neubüser A, Kalamaras J, Ee HC, Martin GR, German MS. Genetic analysis reveals that PAX6 is required for normal transcription of pancreatic hormone genes and islet development. Genes Dev. 1997 Jul 01; 11(13):1662-73.
  110. Johnson JD, Zhang W, Rudnick A, Rutter WJ, German MS. Transcriptional synergy between LIM-homeodomain proteins and basic helix-loop-helix proteins: the LIM2 domain determines specificity. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jul; 17(7):3488-96.
  111. Sander M, German MS. The beta cell transcription factors and development of the pancreas. J Mol Med (Berl). 1997 May; 75(5):327-40.
  112. Wang J, Shen L, Najafi H, Kolberg J, Matschinsky FM, Urdea M, German M. Regulation of insulin preRNA splicing by glucose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 29; 94(9):4360-5.
  113. Inoue H, Rudnick A, German MS, Veile R, Donis-Keller H, Permutt MA. Isolation, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of the human Nkx6.1 gene (NKX6A), a new pancreatic islet homeobox gene. Genomics. 1997 Mar 01; 40(2):367-70.
  114. Odagiri H, Wang J, German MS. Function of the human insulin promoter in primary cultured islet cells. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jan 26; 271(4):1909-15.
  115. Collins A, German MS, Jan YN, Jan LY, Zhao B. A strongly inwardly rectifying K+ channel that is sensitive to ATP. J Neurosci. 1996 Jan; 16(1):1-9.
  116. German M, Ashcroft S, Docherty K, Edlund H, Edlund T, Goodison S, Imura H, Kennedy G, Madsen O, Melloul D. The insulin gene promoter. A simplified nomenclature. Diabetes. 1995 Aug; 44(8):1002-4.
  117. Stoffel M, Tokuyama Y, Trabb JB, German MS, Tsaar ML, Jan LY, Polonsky KS, Bell GI. Cloning of rat KATP-2 channel and decreased expression in pancreatic islets of male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jul 26; 212(3):894-9.
  118. Tsaur ML, Menzel S, Lai FP, Espinosa R, Concannon P, Spielman RS, Hanis CL, Cox NJ, Le Beau MM, German MS. Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a KATP channel-like protein expressed in insulin-secreting cells, localization of the human gene to chromosome band 21q22.1, and linkage studies with NIDDM. Diabetes. 1995 May; 44(5):592-6.
  119. Kennedy GC, German MS, Rutter WJ. The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM2 regulates insulin transcription. Nat Genet. 1995 Mar; 9(3):293-8.
  120. Rudnick A, Ling TY, Odagiri H, Rutter WJ, German MS. Pancreatic beta cells express a diverse set of homeobox genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 06; 91(25):12203-7.
  121. German MS, Wang J, Fernald AA, Espinosa R, Le Beau MM, Bell GI. Localization of the genes encoding two transcription factors, LMX1 and CDX3, regulating insulin gene expression to human chromosomes 1 and 13. Genomics. 1994 Nov 15; 24(2):403-4.
  122. German MS, Wang J. The insulin gene contains multiple transcriptional elements that respond to glucose. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Jun; 14(6):4067-75.
  123. German MS. Glucose sensing in pancreatic islet beta cells: the key role of glucokinase and the glycolytic intermediates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 01; 90(5):1781-5.
  124. German MS, Wang J, Chadwick RB, Rutter WJ. Synergistic activation of the insulin gene by a LIM-homeo domain protein and a basic helix-loop-helix protein: building a functional insulin minienhancer complex. Genes Dev. 1992 Nov; 6(11):2165-76.
  125. German MS, Moss LG, Wang J, Rutter WJ. The insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide genes contain similar cell-specific promoter elements that bind identical beta-cell nuclear complexes. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Apr; 12(4):1777-88.
  126. German MS, Blanar MA, Nelson C, Moss LG, Rutter WJ. Two related helix-loop-helix proteins participate in separate cell-specific complexes that bind the insulin enhancer. Mol Endocrinol. 1991 Feb; 5(2):292-9.
  127. German MS, Moss LG, Rutter WJ. Regulation of insulin gene expression by glucose and calcium in transfected primary islet cultures. J Biol Chem. 1990 Dec 25; 265(36):22063-6.
  128. German MS, Karam JH. Strict metabolic control and progression of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Lancet. 1987 Apr 18; 1(8538):922.
  129. German M, Syvanen M. Incompatibility between bacteriophage lambda and the sex factor F. Plasmid. 1982 Sep; 8(2):207-10.